The origin of glass beads dates back to early ancient times. The chemical composition of the beads and their morphological and technical characteristics can reveal where they come from; this ...

Early trans-Saharan crossings -- Beginnings of Arabic sources -- First trading communities -- "Golden trade of the Moors" -- Saharan markets old and new -- Later turning points -- Early modern Saharan ...

In the 1590s, Saadi sultan Ahmad al-Mansur appointed Spanish military leader Judar Pasha to lead a campaign, conquering the Songhai empire in West Africa. Thanks to his army, Morocco took control of ...

The chemical composition of glass beads and their morphological characteristics can reveal where they come from. Archaeologists analyzed glass beads found at rural sites in Mali and Senegal from ...