Background and Purpose—Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS) is a rare congenital disorder caused by mutation in the ROBO3 gene. It is characterized by absent horizontal eye ...

In addition, in cases of subclavian steal from the vertebral artery, there is a graded system showing a progressive change in the ipsilateral vertebral artery waveform.

The R1 loop probably runs from the trigeminal entrance zone at the lateral midpons to the ipsilateral facial nucleus, passing through or close to the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus. 5 6 The R2 ...